Indian Revenue Service (IRS)

Administration of income tax in India had begun as early as 1860. In the initial years, provincial governments administered this tax. The organizational history of the Income Tax Department starts from the year 1922, when the IncomeTax Act, 1922, gave specific nomenclature to various Income Tax authorities for the first time. In 1924, the Central Board of Revenue Act constituted a Central Board of Revenue -- the statutory body with functional responsibilities for the administration of the Income-Tax Act. Commissioners of Income Tax were appointed for each province and Assistant Commissioners and Income Tax Officers were placed under their control. Officers from the ICS manned top posts and the lower echelons were filled through promotions from the ranks. The Income Tax Service was established in 1944, which subsequently came to be known as Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax).

The first batch of Income Tax Officers (Class-II) was directly recruited in the year 1944 through the 1943 examination conducted by the Federal Service Commission for IA&AS and Allied Services.

The recruitment of Income Tax Officers (Class-I) started in 1945 with the recruitment of 18 officers through the IA&AS and Allied Services Examination of 1944. The service was then known as Income Tax Officers (Class-I) Service.

After the Union Public Service Commission was constituted, the recruitment was done through the combined Civil Services Examination. In 1953, the Service was recognized as an independent Central Service and was named Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax).

In the initial years, the officers were recruited in four different ways: -
Officers directly recruited as I.T.O.Class-II) through the 1943 examination who got promoted to Class-I and were given weightage depending upon the evaluation by their Commissioners
Officers directly recruited to Class-I through the 1944 examination
Officers directly recruited as I.T.O.Class-II) through the 1943 examination and later selected to Class-I. Weightage was given to them also and their seniority vis-a-vis direct recruits was adjusted
Officers promoted to Class-I grade from the lower ranks

In 1957, some Income Tax Officers (Class-I) were also recruited on an ad-hoc basis by a competitive examination from amongst officers of armed forces and the Income Tax Officers, (Class-II).

With the passage of time, only two sources of entry to Indian Revenue Service remained- officers directly recruited through Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC and officers promoted from Income Tax Officers (Class-II) grade.

Induction training at the Academy is now imparted only to the directly recruited IRS officers. Other officers, including the ITOs, attend in-service courses at the Regional Training Institutes.

october 2010(10-10-10 / 20-10-2010)

In the year 2010, October seems to have the most number of interesting days. First it was the occurrence of 10.10.10 and today the date is 20.10.2010. A rare date with great significance.

20.10.2010, has brought with it lot of speculations and observance of special days which will mark this day as one of the important days in History. To start with, today the celebration of World Statistic Day will be observed for the first time. A day which is dedicated to all the major statistical achievements by the officials. The World Statistical day is being observed as an opportunity to let people know the significance of the officials and enhance their knowledge about the statistical facts of their country. World Statistical Day was proposed by European countries, which later was accepted to be followed in some other countries as well.

20.10.2010, will also be celebrated in the U.S as the Miss American Rose Day. Miss American Rose Day is a pageant to mark the achievement of girls and women for all ages. The achievement can be in the field of academics, sports, talent, career, beauty etc. Their accomplishment is recognized online. On the occasion of Miss American Rose Day, you can treat the women you know deserves the title with a beautiful American Rose.

20.10.2010, is also pointed out by numerologists as the day of for creativity, romance and fun, specially for people who are ruled by the number 2 and 6. Liberians according to Numerologists will have a romantic day. Venus is the planet for Libra, which is ruled by the number 6 and the date 20.10.2010, also adds up to six.

World Statistic Day, 20-10-2010

WHY A WORLD STATISTICS DAY?

The celebration of the World Statistics Day will acknowledge the service provided by the global statistical system at national and international level, and hope to help strengthen the awareness and trust of the public in official statistics. It serves as an advocacy tool to further support the work of statisticians across different settings, cultures, and domains.

WHAT TO EXPECT

On World Statistics Day, activities at national level will highlight the role of official statistics and the many achievements of the national statistical system. International, regional and sub-regional organizations will complement national activities with additional events.

"On this first World Statistics Day I encourage the international community to work with the United Nations to enable all countries to meet their statistical needs."

BAN KI-MOON
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Message on World Statistics Day, 20-10-2010

rawan

Birth

Ravana was born to a great sage Vishrava (or Vesamuni), and his wife, the daitya princess Kaikesi. He was born in the Devagana gotra, as his grandfather, the sage Pulastya, was one of the ten Prajapatis or mind-born sons of Brahma and one of the Saptarishi (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the first Manvantara. Kaikesi's father, Sumali (or Sumalaya), king of the Daityas, wished her to marry the most powerful being in the mortal world, so as to produce an exceptional heir. He rejected the kings of the world, as they were less powerful than him. Kaikesi searched among the sages and finally chose Vishrava, the father of Kubera. Ravana was thus partly Brahmin and partly Daitya.
Even though he was partly Brahmin and partly Rakshas, Rama praised Ravan as Mahabrahmin. Rama had to do Ashwamedha yagna as penance for killing a Brahmin (Brahmahatyadosha).
His brothers were Vibhishana, Kumbhakarna and Ahiravana. Through his mother, he was related to the daityas Maricha and Subahu. Kaikesi also gave birth to a daughter, Meenakshi ("girl with fish like eyes"), although later she was dubbed the infamous Shoorpanakha "winnow-like nails".
His father Vishrava noted that while Ravana was aggressive and arrogant, he was also an exemplary scholar. Under Vishrava's tutelage, Ravana mastered the Vedas, the holy books, and also the arts and ways of Kshatriyas (warriors). Ravana was also an excellent veena player and the sign of his flag had a picture of veena on it.^{[citation needed]} Sumali, his mother's father, worked hard in secret to ensure that Ravana retained the ethics of the Daityas.

Kartavirya Arjuna humbles Ravana (right)

The Ramayana tells that Ravana had close connections with region of the Yadus, which included Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra and Rajasthan up to Mathura south of Delhi. Ravana is believed to be related to Lavanasura, also regarded as a Rakshasa, of Madhupura (Mathura) in the region of the Surasenas, who was conquered & killed by Shatrughna, youngest brother of Rama.
After worshipping a Shiva Linga on the banks of the Narmada, in the more central Yadu region, Ravana was captured and held under the control of King Kartavirya Arjuna, one of the greatest Yadu kings. It is very clear from the references in the Ramayana that Ravana was no commoner among the Humans or Asuras, a great chanter of the Sama Veda.

Tapas to Brahma

Following his initial training, Ravana performed an intense penance to Brahma (the Creator God), lasting several years. During his penance, Ravana chopped off his head 10 times as a sacrifice to appease brahma. Each time he sliced his head off a new head arose, thus enabling him to continue his penance. At last, Brahama, pleased with his austerity, appeared after his 10th decapitation and offered him a boon. Ravana asked for immortality, which Brahma refused to give, but gave him the celestial nectar of immortality. The nectar of immortality, stored under his navel, dictated that he could not be vanquished for as long as it lasted.
Ravana also asked for absolute invulnerability from and supremacy over gods, heavenly spirits, other rakshas, serpents, and wild beasts. Contemptuous of mortal men, he did not ask for protection from these. Brahma granted him these boons in addition to his 10 severed heads and great strength by way of knowledge of divine weapons and magic. Thus ravana known as 'Dasamukha' (Dasa = ten, mukha = mouth/face). According to the serials made on the Ravana, in his childhood he was the first person who prohibited the cow slaughtering.

Ravana's family

This section deals with many members of Ravana's family. Since they are hardly mentioned outside the Ramayana, not much can be said about them. They are presented here as they are in the Ramayana, which is viewed by some as being only the point of view of Rama devotees, but is the most complete account of the story that is known.
Ravana's maternal grandfather was Malyavan, who was against the war with Rama.
Ravana's parents were Vishrava (son of Pulastya) and Kaikesi (daughter of Sumali and Thataka). Kaikesi had two brothers Maricha and Subahu which would effectively make them Ravana's uncles.
Ravana had six brothers and two sisters:

1. Kubera - the King of North direction and the Guardian of Heavenly Wealth. He was an older half-brother of Ravana: they were born to the same father by different mothers.
2. Vibhishana - A great follower of Rama and one of the most important characters in the Ramayana. As a minister and brother of Ravana, he spoke the Truth without fear and advised Ravana to return Kidnapped Sita and uphold Dharma. Ravana not only rejected this sane advice, but also banished him from his kingdom. Vibhishana sought protection from Rama, which was granted without hesitation. He is known as a great devotee of Rama.
3. Kumbhakarna - One of the most jovial demons in Hindu history. When offered a boon by Brahma, he was tricked into asking for unending sleep! A horrified Ravana, out of brotherly love, persuaded Brahma to amend the boon. Brahma mitigated the power of the boon by making Kumbhakarna sleep for six months and being awake for rest six months of a year (in some versions, he is awake for one day out of the year). During the war with Rama, Kumbhakarna was awakened from his sleep. He tried to persuade Ravana to follow Dharmic path and return Sita; seek mercy of Rama. But he too failed to mend the ways of Ravana. However, he fought on the side of Ravana and was killed in the battlefield. Before dying he met Vibhishana and blessed him for following path of righteousness.
4. Khara - King of Janasthan.^[13] He protected the northern kingdom of Lanka in the mainland and his kingdom bordered with the Kosala Kingdom, the kingdom of Rama. He was well-known for his superior skills in warfare.
5. Dushana - Viceroy of Janasthan.
6. Ahiravan - King of the Underworld ruled by the rakshasas by Ravana and Demon King Maya.
7. Kumbhini - sister of Ravana and the wife of the demon Madhu, King of Mathura, she was the mother of Lavanasura. She was renowned for her beauty and later retired to the sea for penance.
8. Surpanakha - the evil sister of Ravana. She was the ultimate root of the kidnapping of Sita Devi. She was the one who instigated her brothers to wage a war against Rama.

Ravana was married to Mandodari, the daughter of the celestial architect Maya, Dhanyamalini, and a third wife. He had seven sons from his three wives:

1. Indrajit
2. Prahasta
3. Atikaya
4. Akshayakumara
5. Devantaka
6. Narantaka
7. Trishira

Computer Security (Virus Definitions and Basic Concepts

A virus is a self-replicating code segment which must be attached to a host 
executable. (1) When the host is executed, the virus code also executes. If
possible, the virus will replicate by attaching a copy of itself to another
executable. The virus may include an additional "payload" that triggers when
specific conditions are met. For example, some viruses display a message on a
particular date. 

footnote (1): An executable is an abstraction for programs, command files and 
other objects on a computer system that can be executed. On a DOS PC, for 
example, this would include batch command files, COM files, EXE-format files 
and boot sectors of disks.

A Trojan horse is a program that performs a desired task, but also includes 
unexpected (and undesirable) functions. In this respect, a Trojan horse is 
similar to a virus, except a Trojan horse does not replicate. An example of a 
Trojan horse would be an editing program for a multi-user system which has been 
modified to randomly delete one of the user's files each time that program is 
used. The program would perform its normal, expected function (editing), but 
the deletions are unexpected and undesired. A host program that has been 
infected by a virus is often described as a Trojan horse. However, for the 
purposes of this document, the term Trojan horse will exclude virus-infected 
programs. 

A worm is a self-replicating program. It is self-contained and does not require 
a host program. The program creates the copy and causes it to execute; no user 
intervention is required. Worms commonly utilize network services to propagate 
to other computer systems. 

A variant is a virus that is generated by modifying a known virus. Examples are 
modifications that add functionality or evade detection. The term variant is 
usually applied only when the modifications are minor in nature. An example 
would be changing the trigger date from Friday the 13th to Thursday the 12th. 

An overwriting virus will destroy code or data in the host program by replacing 
it with the virus code. It should be noted that most viruses attempt to retain 
the original host program's code and functionality after infection because the 
virus is more likely to be detected and deleted if the program ceases to work. 
A non-overwriting virus is designed to append the virus code to the physical 
end of the program or to move the original code to another location. 

A self-recognition procedure is a technique whereby a virus determines whether 
or not an executable is already infected. The procedure usually involves 
searching for a particular value at a known position in the executable. 
Self-recognition is required if the virus is to avoid multiple infections of a 
single executable. Multiple infections cause excessive growth in size of 
infected executables and corresponding excessive storage space, contributing to 
the detection of the virus. 

A resident virus installs itself as part of the operating system upon execution 
of an infected host program. The virus will remain resident until the system is 
shut down. Once installed in memory, a resident virus is available to infect 
all suitable hosts that are accessed. 

A stealth virus is a resident virus that attempts to evade detection by 
concealing its presence in infected files. To achieve this, the virus 
intercepts system calls which examine the contents or attributes of infected 
files. The results of these calls must be altered to correspond to the file's 
original state. For example, a stealth virus might remove the virus code from 
an executable when it is read (rather than executed) so that an anti-virus 
software package will examine the original, uninfected host program. 

An encrypted virus has two parts: a small decryptor and the encrypted virus 
body. When the virus is executed, the decryptor will execute first and decrypt 
the virus body. Then the virus body can execute, replicating or becoming 
resident. The virus body will include an encryptor to apply during replication. 
A variably encrypted virus will use different encryption keys or encryption 
algorithms. Encrypted viruses are more difficult to disassemble and study since 
the researcher must decrypt the code. 

A polymorphic virus creates copies during replication that are functionally 
equivalent but have distinctly different byte streams. To achieve this, the 
virus may randomly insert superfluous instructions, interchange the order of 
independent instructions, or choose from a number of different encryption 
schemes. This variable quality makes the virus difficult to locate, identify, 
or remove. 

Dushera

अहम पर स्वयं (संयम) की जीत के पर्व दशहरा की हार्दिक शुभकामनायें .दशहरे की परम्परा भगवान राम द्वारा त्रेतायुग में रावण के वध से भले ही आरम्भ हुई हो, पर द्वापरयुग में महाभारत का प्रसिद्ध युद्ध भी इसी दिन आरम्भ हुआ था। पर विजयदशमी सिर्फ इस बात का... प्रतीक नहीं है कि अन्याय पर न्याय अथवा बुराई पर अच्छाई की विजय हुई थी बल्कि यह बुराई में भी अच्छाई ढूँढ़ने का दिन होता है।


सराहनीय है महावीर विक्रमबजरंगी, कुमति निवार सुमति के संगी, कपि-तन-धारी हनुमान जी का यह विनय और उनकी यह नम्रता . उनके अनेक सद्गुणों में यह एक विशेष गुण है जिसने उन्हें देवतुल्य बना दिया. हनुमान जी के सभी गुण अनुकरणीय हैं . आज का मानव जिसका जीवन मूल्य कहीं कहीं पशुता के स्तर से भी बहुत नीचे गिर चुका है, अपना स्वरुप सुधारने के लिए हनुमान जी के इन सद्गुणों को यदि अपनी जीवन शैली में उतार सके तो मानवता का कल्याण हो जाए. ........